Step 1: Generate Stress/No-Stress Labels: We
generate Stress/No-Stress labels for each 5 min interval based on the
SNS Index values and the psycho-physiological definition of stress as
instantaneous hyperarousal.
Step 2: Regress on Stress/No-Stress: Using the
Stress/No-Stress binary variable as the response variable, we run a
model that provides explanations for the sources of participant
stress.
Physical Acitvity (PA)
Per Participant & Day
Frequencies of
Sedentary Activities Per Day and Participant
## , , = CD
##
##
## Work NonWork Driving
## T001 0 0 0
## T002 129 41 0
## T003 82 2 9
## T004 147 0 12
## T005 109 15 14
## T006 74 40 0
## T007 126 0 5
## T008 61 26 20
## T009 0 3 0
## T010 100 0 11
## T011 0 0 0
## T012 68 87 18
## T014 99 25 0
## T015 86 24 6
## T016 104 41 4
## T017 130 0 0
## T018 74 29 0
## T019 0 0 0
## T020 136 12 31
## T021 38 80 40
## T022 75 33 0
## T023 158 0 15
## T024 119 11 0
## T025 126 7 34
##
## , , = WD
##
##
## Work NonWork Driving
## T001 162 22 0
## T002 87 141 23
## T003 102 7 145
## T004 344 15 8
## T005 146 100 69
## T006 178 6 19
## T007 184 28 73
## T008 195 15 17
## T009 254 7 0
## T010 164 61 16
## T011 0 0 0
## T012 75 73 10
## T014 145 112 13
## T015 209 49 19
## T016 194 52 15
## T017 96 41 20
## T018 172 21 6
## T019 100 171 20
## T020 224 9 11
## T021 103 85 62
## T022 169 142 0
## T023 199 55 52
## T024 90 24 22
## T025 223 58 84
##
## , , = ND
##
##
## Work NonWork Driving
## T001 0 115 4
## T002 0 118 0
## T003 0 104 10
## T004 0 160 8
## T005 0 97 21
## T006 0 76 15
## T007 0 116 0
## T008 0 86 6
## T009 0 76 0
## T010 0 97 0
## T011 0 25 0
## T012 0 95 7
## T014 0 97 43
## T015 0 157 13
## T016 0 148 0
## T017 0 52 4
## T018 0 114 5
## T019 0 166 6
## T020 0 91 22
## T021 0 109 28
## T022 0 16 0
## T023 0 103 12
## T024 0 95 0
## T025 0 110 0
Distrubution of SNS
Index in Sedentary Activities

Viz of Stress
Distribution and QQ Plots for T025
PA_Percent Plot

Big 5 Box Plots

Cadence PDF
NASA Mental Demand
Plot
##
## Descriptive statistics by group
## group: CD
## vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew
## Participant 1 21 12.86 7.01 13 12.82 8.90 2 24 22 0.04
## Day 2 21 1.00 0.00 1 1.00 0.00 1 1 0 NaN
## Date 3 21 29.38 20.23 28 28.76 26.69 2 64 62 0.19
## N_MD 4 21 10.52 5.77 11 10.59 5.93 1 19 18 -0.14
## Profession 5 21 1.38 0.50 1 1.35 0.00 1 2 1 0.46
## kurtosis se
## Participant -1.43 1.53
## Day NaN 0.00
## Date -1.42 4.42
## N_MD -1.31 1.26
## Profession -1.87 0.11
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## group: WD
## vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew
## Participant 1 44 12.50 7.29 13.0 12.50 9.64 1 24 23 0.00
## Day 2 44 2.00 0.00 2.0 2.00 0.00 2 2 0 NaN
## Date 3 44 29.07 20.55 31.5 28.47 28.91 1 65 64 0.14
## N_MD 4 44 8.00 4.45 7.5 7.67 5.19 2 17 15 0.51
## Profession 5 44 1.45 0.50 1.0 1.44 0.00 1 2 1 0.18
## kurtosis se
## Participant -1.41 1.10
## Day NaN 0.00
## Date -1.39 3.10
## N_MD -0.96 0.67
## Profession -2.01 0.08
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## group: ND
## vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew
## Participant 1 24 12.50 7.07 12.5 12.50 8.90 1 24 23 0.00
## Day 2 24 3.00 0.00 3.0 3.00 0.00 3 3 0 NaN
## Date 3 24 31.46 20.74 30.5 30.70 25.95 4 67 63 0.20
## N_MD 4 24 4.88 4.77 3.0 4.15 1.48 1 16 15 1.39
## Profession 5 24 1.42 0.50 1.0 1.40 0.00 1 2 1 0.32
## kurtosis se
## Participant -1.35 1.44
## Day NaN 0.00
## Date -1.34 4.23
## N_MD 0.51 0.97
## Profession -1.98 0.10

NASA Physical Demand
Plot
##
## Descriptive statistics by group
## group: CD
## vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew
## Participant 1 21 12.86 7.01 13 12.82 8.90 2 24 22 0.04
## Day 2 21 1.00 0.00 1 1.00 0.00 1 1 0 NaN
## Date 3 21 29.38 20.23 28 28.76 26.69 2 64 62 0.19
## N_PD 4 21 6.81 4.91 5 6.12 2.97 2 18 16 0.96
## Profession 5 21 1.38 0.50 1 1.35 0.00 1 2 1 0.46
## kurtosis se
## Participant -1.43 1.53
## Day NaN 0.00
## Date -1.42 4.42
## N_PD -0.37 1.07
## Profession -1.87 0.11
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## group: WD
## vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew
## Participant 1 44 12.50 7.29 13.0 12.50 9.64 1 24 23 0.00
## Day 2 44 2.00 0.00 2.0 2.00 0.00 2 2 0 NaN
## Date 3 44 29.07 20.55 31.5 28.47 28.91 1 65 64 0.14
## N_PD 4 44 5.45 3.74 4.0 4.92 2.97 1 16 15 1.26
## Profession 5 44 1.45 0.50 1.0 1.44 0.00 1 2 1 0.18
## kurtosis se
## Participant -1.41 1.10
## Day NaN 0.00
## Date -1.39 3.10
## N_PD 1.08 0.56
## Profession -2.01 0.08
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## group: ND
## vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew
## Participant 1 24 12.50 7.07 12.5 12.5 8.90 1 24 23 0.00
## Day 2 24 3.00 0.00 3.0 3.0 0.00 3 3 0 NaN
## Date 3 24 31.46 20.74 30.5 30.7 25.95 4 67 63 0.20
## N_PD 4 24 4.67 3.25 4.0 4.3 2.22 1 15 14 1.37
## Profession 5 24 1.42 0.50 1.0 1.4 0.00 1 2 1 0.32
## kurtosis se
## Participant -1.35 1.44
## Day NaN 0.00
## Date -1.34 4.23
## N_PD 1.86 0.66
## Profession -1.98 0.10

NASA Temporal Demand
Plot

NASA Effort Plot

NASA Frustration
Plot

Sleep Duration
PDF

mCadence PDF

mCadence Box Plot

EDA Plots

Correlation Plot
Remove Agreeableness
from the Model
## Generalized linear mixed model fit by maximum likelihood (Laplace
## Approximation) [glmerMod]
## Family: binomial ( logit )
## Formula: SNS_Stress ~ Cadence + Day * Period + Activity4 + Day * PA_Percent *
## PA_Intensity + Sleep_Time + Profession + N_MD + N_PD + N_P +
## Conscientiousness + Extraversion + Neuroticism + Openness +
## (1 | Participant)
## Data: df_sedentMultimodal
##
## AIC BIC logLik deviance df.resid
## 8732 8937 -4338 8676 11148
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -12.343 -0.484 0.076 0.377 25.100
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## Participant (Intercept) 2.83 1.68
## Number of obs: 11176, groups: Participant, 24
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)
## (Intercept) -15.38357 3.72935 -4.12 3.7e-05 ***
## Cadence 0.07850 0.00426 18.42 < 2e-16 ***
## DayWD -3.00468 1.10951 -2.71 0.00677 **
## DayND -2.60342 0.78095 -3.33 0.00086 ***
## PeriodAfternoon 0.60025 0.13107 4.58 4.7e-06 ***
## Activity4NonWork -0.35180 0.08354 -4.21 2.5e-05 ***
## Activity4Driving 0.68413 0.10199 6.71 2.0e-11 ***
## PA_Percent -0.19994 0.06768 -2.95 0.00314 **
## PA_Intensity -0.00649 0.01911 -0.34 0.73402
## Sleep_Time 0.06005 0.03331 1.80 0.07145 .
## ProfessionSP -1.47678 0.73678 -2.00 0.04503 *
## N_MD 0.10298 0.01383 7.45 9.7e-14 ***
## N_PD 0.01040 0.01554 0.67 0.50356
## N_P 0.04941 0.01066 4.64 3.5e-06 ***
## Conscientiousness -0.08550 0.23391 -0.37 0.71471
## Extraversion 0.70366 0.23096 3.05 0.00231 **
## Neuroticism 0.37678 0.25994 1.45 0.14720
## Openness 1.23440 0.24048 5.13 2.9e-07 ***
## DayWD:PeriodAfternoon -0.60710 0.15300 -3.97 7.2e-05 ***
## DayND:PeriodAfternoon -0.57196 0.17868 -3.20 0.00137 **
## DayWD:PA_Percent 0.61960 0.10054 6.16 7.1e-10 ***
## DayND:PA_Percent 0.38863 0.07430 5.23 1.7e-07 ***
## DayWD:PA_Intensity 0.04151 0.02812 1.48 0.13996
## DayND:PA_Intensity 0.06675 0.02016 3.31 0.00093 ***
## PA_Percent:PA_Intensity 0.00495 0.00169 2.93 0.00339 **
## DayWD:PA_Percent:PA_Intensity -0.01204 0.00242 -4.97 6.6e-07 ***
## DayND:PA_Percent:PA_Intensity -0.00827 0.00178 -4.64 3.5e-06 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## optimizer (Nelder_Mead) convergence code: 4 (failure to converge in 10000 evaluations)
## Model failed to converge with max|grad| = 0.199304 (tol = 0.002, component 1)
## Model is nearly unidentifiable: very large eigenvalue
## - Rescale variables?
## Model is nearly unidentifiable: large eigenvalue ratio
## - Rescale variables?
## failure to converge in 10000 evaluations
|
Observations
|
11176
|
|
Dependent variable
|
SNS_Stress
|
|
Type
|
Mixed effects generalized linear model
|
|
Family
|
binomial
|
|
Link
|
logit
|
|
AIC
|
8732.220
|
|
BIC
|
8937.223
|
|
Pseudo-R² (fixed effects)
|
0.442
|
|
Pseudo-R² (total)
|
0.700
|
|
Fixed Effects
|
|
|
Est.
|
S.E.
|
z val.
|
p
|
|
(Intercept)
|
-15.384
|
3.729
|
-4.125
|
0.000
|
|
Cadence
|
0.078
|
0.004
|
18.422
|
0.000
|
|
DayWD
|
-3.005
|
1.110
|
-2.708
|
0.007
|
|
DayND
|
-2.603
|
0.781
|
-3.334
|
0.001
|
|
PeriodAfternoon
|
0.600
|
0.131
|
4.580
|
0.000
|
|
Activity4NonWork
|
-0.352
|
0.084
|
-4.211
|
0.000
|
|
Activity4Driving
|
0.684
|
0.102
|
6.708
|
0.000
|
|
PA_Percent
|
-0.200
|
0.068
|
-2.954
|
0.003
|
|
PA_Intensity
|
-0.006
|
0.019
|
-0.340
|
0.734
|
|
Sleep_Time
|
0.060
|
0.033
|
1.803
|
0.071
|
|
ProfessionSP
|
-1.477
|
0.737
|
-2.004
|
0.045
|
|
N_MD
|
0.103
|
0.014
|
7.445
|
0.000
|
|
N_PD
|
0.010
|
0.016
|
0.669
|
0.504
|
|
N_P
|
0.049
|
0.011
|
4.637
|
0.000
|
|
Conscientiousness
|
-0.086
|
0.234
|
-0.366
|
0.715
|
|
Extraversion
|
0.704
|
0.231
|
3.047
|
0.002
|
|
Neuroticism
|
0.377
|
0.260
|
1.449
|
0.147
|
|
Openness
|
1.234
|
0.240
|
5.133
|
0.000
|
|
DayWD:PeriodAfternoon
|
-0.607
|
0.153
|
-3.968
|
0.000
|
|
DayND:PeriodAfternoon
|
-0.572
|
0.179
|
-3.201
|
0.001
|
|
DayWD:PA_Percent
|
0.620
|
0.101
|
6.163
|
0.000
|
|
DayND:PA_Percent
|
0.389
|
0.074
|
5.230
|
0.000
|
|
DayWD:PA_Intensity
|
0.042
|
0.028
|
1.476
|
0.140
|
|
DayND:PA_Intensity
|
0.067
|
0.020
|
3.310
|
0.001
|
|
PA_Percent:PA_Intensity
|
0.005
|
0.002
|
2.930
|
0.003
|
|
DayWD:PA_Percent:PA_Intensity
|
-0.012
|
0.002
|
-4.972
|
0.000
|
|
DayND:PA_Percent:PA_Intensity
|
-0.008
|
0.002
|
-4.637
|
0.000
|
|
Random Effects
|
|
Group
|
Parameter
|
Std. Dev.
|
|
Participant
|
(Intercept)
|
1.680
|
|
Grouping Variables
|
|
Group
|
# groups
|
ICC
|
|
Participant
|
24
|
0.462
|
Optimal and Scaled
Model
## Generalized linear mixed model fit by maximum likelihood (Laplace
## Approximation) [glmerMod]
## Family: binomial ( logit )
## Formula:
## SNS_Stress ~ s_Cadence + Day * Period + Activity4 + Day * s_PA_Percent *
## s_PA_Intensity + s_Sleep_Time + Profession + s_N_MD + s_N_PD +
## s_N_P + s_Conscientiousness + s_Extraversion + s_Neuroticism +
## s_Openness + (1 | Participant)
## Data: df_sedentMultimodal
##
## AIC BIC logLik deviance df.resid
## 8732 8937 -4338 8676 11148
##
## Scaled residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -12.346 -0.484 0.076 0.377 25.144
##
## Random effects:
## Groups Name Variance Std.Dev.
## Participant (Intercept) 2.83 1.68
## Number of obs: 11176, groups: Participant, 24
##
## Fixed effects:
## Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)
## (Intercept) 0.3996 0.4827 0.83 0.4077
## s_Cadence 0.5521 0.0300 18.42 < 2e-16 ***
## DayWD 0.6482 0.1467 4.42 1.0e-05 ***
## DayND 0.8438 0.1879 4.49 7.1e-06 ***
## PeriodAfternoon 0.6002 0.1312 4.57 4.8e-06 ***
## Activity4NonWork -0.3518 0.0836 -4.21 2.6e-05 ***
## Activity4Driving 0.6842 0.1020 6.71 2.0e-11 ***
## s_PA_Percent -0.1669 0.0852 -1.96 0.0503 .
## s_PA_Intensity 0.4423 0.0857 5.16 2.4e-07 ***
## s_Sleep_Time 0.0856 0.0475 1.80 0.0715 .
## ProfessionSP -1.4772 0.7399 -2.00 0.0459 *
## s_N_MD 0.5343 0.0719 7.43 1.0e-13 ***
## s_N_PD 0.0400 0.0594 0.67 0.5012
## s_N_P 0.2439 0.0528 4.62 3.8e-06 ***
## s_Conscientiousness -0.1394 0.3815 -0.37 0.7149
## s_Extraversion 1.3244 0.4363 3.04 0.0024 **
## s_Neuroticism 0.6101 0.4233 1.44 0.1495
## s_Openness 2.0950 0.4108 5.10 3.4e-07 ***
## DayWD:PeriodAfternoon -0.6070 0.1532 -3.96 7.4e-05 ***
## DayND:PeriodAfternoon -0.5721 0.1789 -3.20 0.0014 **
## DayWD:s_PA_Percent 1.3180 0.1365 9.66 < 2e-16 ***
## DayND:s_PA_Percent 0.6526 0.1188 5.49 4.0e-08 ***
## DayWD:s_PA_Intensity -0.8453 0.1312 -6.44 1.2e-10 ***
## DayND:s_PA_Intensity -0.2398 0.1238 -1.94 0.0527 .
## s_PA_Percent:s_PA_Intensity 0.3026 0.1086 2.79 0.0053 **
## DayWD:s_PA_Percent:s_PA_Intensity -0.7343 0.1573 -4.67 3.0e-06 ***
## DayND:s_PA_Percent:s_PA_Intensity -0.5047 0.1159 -4.36 1.3e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## optimizer (Nelder_Mead) convergence code: 0 (OK)
## Model failed to converge with max|grad| = 0.00203935 (tol = 0.002, component 1)
|
Observations
|
11176
|
|
Dependent variable
|
SNS_Stress
|
|
Type
|
Mixed effects generalized linear model
|
|
Family
|
binomial
|
|
Link
|
logit
|
|
AIC
|
8732.220
|
|
BIC
|
8937.222
|
|
Pseudo-R² (fixed effects)
|
0.442
|
|
Pseudo-R² (total)
|
0.700
|
|
Fixed Effects
|
|
|
Est.
|
2.5%
|
97.5%
|
z val.
|
p
|
|
(Intercept)
|
0.400
|
-0.546
|
1.346
|
0.828
|
0.408
|
|
s_Cadence
|
0.552
|
0.493
|
0.611
|
18.420
|
0.000
|
|
DayWD
|
0.648
|
0.361
|
0.936
|
4.418
|
0.000
|
|
DayND
|
0.844
|
0.476
|
1.212
|
4.491
|
0.000
|
|
PeriodAfternoon
|
0.600
|
0.343
|
0.857
|
4.573
|
0.000
|
|
Activity4NonWork
|
-0.352
|
-0.516
|
-0.188
|
-4.210
|
0.000
|
|
Activity4Driving
|
0.684
|
0.484
|
0.884
|
6.706
|
0.000
|
|
s_PA_Percent
|
-0.167
|
-0.334
|
0.000
|
-1.958
|
0.050
|
|
s_PA_Intensity
|
0.442
|
0.274
|
0.610
|
5.164
|
0.000
|
|
s_Sleep_Time
|
0.086
|
-0.007
|
0.179
|
1.802
|
0.071
|
|
ProfessionSP
|
-1.477
|
-2.927
|
-0.027
|
-1.997
|
0.046
|
|
s_N_MD
|
0.534
|
0.393
|
0.675
|
7.435
|
0.000
|
|
s_N_PD
|
0.040
|
-0.077
|
0.156
|
0.673
|
0.501
|
|
s_N_P
|
0.244
|
0.140
|
0.347
|
4.621
|
0.000
|
|
s_Conscientiousness
|
-0.139
|
-0.887
|
0.608
|
-0.365
|
0.715
|
|
s_Extraversion
|
1.324
|
0.469
|
2.179
|
3.036
|
0.002
|
|
s_Neuroticism
|
0.610
|
-0.220
|
1.440
|
1.441
|
0.150
|
|
s_Openness
|
2.095
|
1.290
|
2.900
|
5.100
|
0.000
|
|
DayWD:PeriodAfternoon
|
-0.607
|
-0.907
|
-0.307
|
-3.963
|
0.000
|
|
DayND:PeriodAfternoon
|
-0.572
|
-0.923
|
-0.222
|
-3.198
|
0.001
|
|
DayWD:s_PA_Percent
|
1.318
|
1.051
|
1.585
|
9.659
|
0.000
|
|
DayND:s_PA_Percent
|
0.653
|
0.420
|
0.885
|
5.492
|
0.000
|
|
DayWD:s_PA_Intensity
|
-0.845
|
-1.103
|
-0.588
|
-6.441
|
0.000
|
|
DayND:s_PA_Intensity
|
-0.240
|
-0.482
|
0.003
|
-1.937
|
0.053
|
|
s_PA_Percent:s_PA_Intensity
|
0.303
|
0.090
|
0.515
|
2.788
|
0.005
|
|
DayWD:s_PA_Percent:s_PA_Intensity
|
-0.734
|
-1.043
|
-0.426
|
-4.668
|
0.000
|
|
DayND:s_PA_Percent:s_PA_Intensity
|
-0.505
|
-0.732
|
-0.278
|
-4.356
|
0.000
|
|
Random Effects
|
|
Group
|
Parameter
|
Std. Dev.
|
|
Participant
|
(Intercept)
|
1.680
|
|
Grouping Variables
|
|
Group
|
# groups
|
ICC
|
|
Participant
|
24
|
0.462
|